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And he refrained not from taunts. However, many tribesmen resented any authority and Arminius' ambitions to be their king. The Cherusci noble Arminius (c. 18 BCE - 19 CE) led the resistance to Roman conquest of Germania during the years 9-16 CE. Arminius became allied to a regent family and his convictions on the relation of church and state were the same as that of most regents. Born c. 18 BCE, Arminius was the eldest son of the Cherusci chief Segimer. In this battle, the Germanic tribes would ambush and completely crush the three Roman legions as well as there auxiliary forces and 16,000 Roman troops had been killed although one source says that may be up to 20,000 had died. This prevented Arminius from crossing the Rhine and invading Gaul.[22]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. First published in Christian Renewal as Arminius in 1988, reprinted in Modern Reformation, May/June, 1992, Westminster Seminary California All rights reserved. Arminius was a chief of the Cherusci. . Roman casualties were severe, the legionaries and auxiliaries were worn out and their supplies were in all likelihood nearly exhausted. Barbarian casualties were heavy, scattered across the plain and into the forest beyond. Arminius also used his Roman training to improve the battlefield tactics of his own troops. The Roman army, famed for its discipline, organisation, and innovation Teutoburg Forest AD 9: The destruction of Varus and his legions. But while the legions caught up in the battle did sustain very heavy casualties, there were Roman survivors at the end of the ambush. Arminius Hotel was created in 1904. What did he teach? 88). [19] Arminius saw this as the perfect opportunity to defeat Varus. ", "Terry Jones' Barbarians: The Savage Goths", A description of Arminius and his fight against the Romans, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arminius&oldid=1133071655, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Etruscan-language text, Articles containing Old High German (ca. By the early 1570s civil war had begun in earnest against Spain. Arminius (18/17 BC - AD 21), also known as Armin or Hermann ( Arminius being a Latinization, similar to Brennus ), was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. With Inguiomerus at his side, Arminius spoke to his assembled warrior: "Is there anything left for us but to retain or freedom or die before we are enslaved?" License. Both Arminius and Maroboduus assembled their armies to meet in battle. [10] Following World War II, however, Arminius' significance was reduced in Germany due to his association with militaristic nationalism; the 2,000th anniversary of his victory at the Teutoburg Forest was only lightly commemorated in Germany. Two months later, on October 19, 1609, Jacobus Arminius died. Varus' task was to complete the conquest of Germania but his rough-handed . Segestes and his family were escorted to the safety of the Roman forts on the Rhine. Varus was well aware that Segestes did not like Arminius because Arminius had his eye on Thusnelda, Segestes' daughter, who was already betrothed to somebody else. An irate Augustus shouted, "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions" (Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, II. This educated guess was also picked up by Otto Hfler, who was a prominent Nazi academic during World War II. Arminius meanwhile was faced with a belligerent Segestes, who redeclared himself for Rome. What is clear is that when Arminius was ordered to return to the Netherlands in 1586 to take up pastoral responsibilities in Amsterdam, he was given a very good letter of recommendation from Beza to the Dutch Reformed Church. Thank you for your help! They argue that justas progress has been made in so many fields, so theological progress has transcended the old controversies. At this time news arrived of a tribal revolt to the northwest. Inguiomerus, however, joined Maroboduus. 750-1050)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [citation needed], Around the year 4 AD, Arminius assumed command of a Cheruscan detachment of Roman auxiliary forces, probably while fighting in the Pannonian wars on the Balkan peninsula. The third Roman eagle was recovered in 41 AD by Publius Gabinius, under the emperor Claudius. 19th century, Arminius had become Hermann, yet Kleist did not exclusively call him Hermann in his drama. [11], The German translation of Arminius as the name Hermann dates from the 16th century, possibly first by Martin Luther. 88). This shift is important because again it shifts the primary focus of salvation from God's work in Christ to man's faith. Arminius was the son of the Cheruscan chief Segimerus (German: Segimer). Arminius took on a professorship at the university of Leiden where he had schooled previously and would remain there from 1603 until October 19th 1609 when he died (EB, 2020). [1] A priest, Theodorus Aemilius, adopted Jacob and sent him to school at Utrecht. Arminius's influence held an allied coalition of Germanic . These suspicions led Arminius's classes to try to examine Arminius's doctrine, but the trustees of the university would not permit that. After his death some of his followers gave support to his views by signing the Remonstrance, a theological document written by Johannes Uyttenbogaert, a minister from Utrecht, in 1610. Heinrich von Kleist: Die Herrmannsschlacht. In 1559 His Most Catholic Majesty Philip II was the king of Spain and Sovereign . He was given away to the Romans as a sign of peace and good faith between the Roman Empire and the Germanic people. There would be no resumption of the war in 17 CE. [31] Arminius deeply grieved the capture of Thusnelda and did not marry again. Seeking vengeance, Germanicus advanced east toward the Cherusci. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Arminius suggested that instead of taking the usual route to the Rhine via the Lippe Varus should take a different route north of the Weser Hills. Holland was one of seventeen prosperous provinces then known as the Netherlands or the Low Countries, which today are divided into the Netherlands, Belgium and part of northern France. Fleeing into the marsh, all but a handful of were hunted down. The Belgic Confession was published. and died in the arena sometime before his 16 th birthday. [32] Tacitus recorded that Arminius was "driven to frenzy" by the loss of his beloved wife. Strict Calvinists believe Christ died only for the elect. 20 . And their doctrine shows their fall from grace, if there ever was grace. This chapter offers a new evaluation of multiple evidence and argues that the Liberat . The Germans fiercely defended the barrier and drew the Romans into a confusing forest battle. Early in 15 CE, Arminius besieged Segestes' stronghold but was forced to retreat when Roman legions came to Segestes' aid. Holland was one of seventeen prosperous provinces then known as the Netherlands or the Low Countries, which today are divided into the Netherlands, Belgium and part of northern France. Flavus proudly spoke of the battle, of rewards, and of the justice and the mercy of Rome. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Jesus is no longer the actual Savior of His people. Born. Each brother was deaf to the other. Most likely both brothers fought beside the legions under Tiberius Claudius Nero, stepson of Emperor Augustus, suppressing the huge Pannonian and Illyrian revolts of 7-9 CE. Thusnelda (c. 10 BC - 17 AD in Rome?) This kind of teaching led to Gomarus' charge that Arminius was undermining the Protestantdoctrine of justification by faith. After brief stays at the University of Padua, in Rome, and in Geneva, Arminius went to Amsterdam. "Let those who reject the [teaching that Christ paid the price for the sins . Arminius died two years later, in 21 AD, murdered by opponents within his own tribe who felt that he was becoming too powerful. In fact, Arminius's chief theological rival was Fransiscus Gomarus, a Calvinist and fellow faculty member when Arminius went back to teach at Leiden. [2] Modern historians have regarded Arminius' victory as one of Rome's greatest defeats. For web posting, a link to this document on our website is preferred. Arminius was born probably in 17 or 18 BCE, as the son of Sigimer, the leader of the Germanic Cherusk tribe, who had fought for a long time against Rome, eager to extend the influence of its reign. Either salvation is entirely the work of God or it is partially the work of man. For Arminius, God's grace is essential and necessary, but is not absolutely efficacious. In light of the disaster in the Teutoburg, the Clades Variana, Augustus abandoned the conquest of Germania. "Arminius wasn't the liberator of Germania and it's simply wrong to call this the hour of the German nation's birth," Tillmann Bendikowski, a historian who has written a book about the battle and . Please support World History Encyclopedia. Either our father is the Father of lights, or the false accuser, the father of lies. By the time the Synod of Dort met, the issues raised by the Arminians were being widely discussed in the Reformed community throughout Europe. The fate of many Roman captive soldiers seems to have been bleak - and short. From 1581 to 1586 he studied in Geneva and Basle. Arminius was a mere five years old when Calvin died, so the two men were not true contemporaries. The synod included delegates from Reformed churches in England, Germany, and Switzerland as well as delegates from the Dutch church, all of whom were supporters of Gomarus. Eine Einfhrung in die archologischen Arbeiten und ihre Ergebnisse (1999) Bramsche; J. Oorthuys (ed. [33], Thusnelda gave birth to a son named Thumelicus who grew up in Roman captivity. The battle of the Teutoburg Forest was between Germans and the Roman army in 9BC. Arminius had been insisting that he was only trying to protect the church from the extremes of Calvinism, especially supralapsarianism. The Arminian movements, however, because of their diversity do not point clearly to Arminius himself. In East Germany, Arminius, based on a Marxist reading of history, came to be seen as a revolutionary figure of sorts, leading German tribes in a fight against the Roman slaveholder society (Sklavenhaltergesellschaft). He served in the Roman army between AD 1 and 6 and received a . Among them was Thusnelda, who against her father's wishes had married Arminius and was carrying his child. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacobus-Arminius, Jacobus Arminius - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). For six months issues were debated. The camp commander answered with a volley of arrows, and though Arminius assaulted the camp, he could not take it. The night before the march Varus' trusted advisor and humble vassal, a Germanic noble named Arminius, had warned him of a local uprising to the north-west of his position. What is the work that needs to be done and how will it be done? Arminius, violent enough by nature, was driven frantic by the seizure of his wife and the subjection to slavery of her unborn child. The 2,000-year anniversary of the battle was also celebrated in New Ulm, Minnesota without restraint. Arminius subsequently led a coalition of Germanic tribes that lured the Roman Legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus to near-annihilation at Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9. Philip II increasingly alienated the nobility and the people with his fiscal and religious policies. A wall of stakes and interlaced branches topped the embankment and, behind it, more barbarians waited. After the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Arminius abducted and then impregnated Thusnelda circa 14 AD. Arminius knew that the legions would not go down easily. The answers to those questions depend very much on whether man has free will or not. Folkwin Wolfspeer is a main character on the Netflix original series Barbarians. Disembarking, Germanicus led his army cross country, further east, towards the Weser and Cherusci territory. Rome chose no longer to rule directly in Germania east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, instead preferring to exert indirect influence by appointing client kings, which was cheaper than military campaigns. Against Germanicus' protests, Emperor Tiberius decided to call an end to the fruitless and costly campaigns. After the interview Gomarus declared himself satisfied with Arminius and that latter was installed as a Having successfully liberated and defended Germania against the Romans, Arminius next squared off against Maroboduus, the powerful king of the Marcomanni. In 9 CE Arminius lured Varus into an ambush in the Teutoburg Forest. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was a military battle that took place in the year 9 AD.In the battle, an alliance of Germanic tribes won a major victory over three Roman legions.The Germanic tribes were led by Arminius; the Roman legions by Publius Quinctilius Varus.. Varus, however, thought Segestes' warning as nothing more than slander. Varus fell on his sword as his legions were decimated around him. Tribesmen were still arriving, more than making good his losses. An additional two legions, under the command of Lucius Nonius Asprenas, were stationed in Moguntiacum. Dyck, Ludwig Heinrich. Dyck, Ludwig Heinrich. Both works feature Arminius prominently as the leader of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, yet treat him very . In a pre-battle speech, Arminius boasted of his victory over the legions and called Maroboduus a traitor. Despite Philip's ardent Roman Catholicism and persecuting zeal, Reformation movements had been strong in the Low Countries for decades. The evidence suggests not theological, but philosophical, differences. Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus in 14 AD, decided that Germania was a far less developed land, possessing few villages and only a small food surplus, and therefore was not currently important to Rome. Submitted by Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, published on 19 October 2016. He is portrayed by Laurence Rupp. His father died when he was a young child. Arminius also gave faith a different place in his system from the role that faith had occupied in earlier Reformed theology. [50], According to journalist David Crossland: "The old nationalism has been replaced by an easy-going patriotism that mainly manifests itself at sporting events like the soccer World Cup. Arminius slashed his way through the Roman archers but was beset from all sides by auxiliaries. Considered a man of mild temperament, Arminius was forced into controversy against his own choice. Arminius was a German tribal chief during the early part of the 1st Century CE, and is best known for being a total badass and giving the Roman Empire the beating of their lives. The famous Synod of Dort (1618) and subsequent Canons of Dort were motivated by Arminians (followers of . James Arminius (Jacob Harmenszoon) is undoubtedly the most famous theologian ever produced by the Dutch Reformed Church. Then the skirmishing attacks began. Inspired by historical events, Netflix's 'Barbarians' tells the story of the Germanic resistance against the Roman occupation under the legendary Arminius, also known in the show as Ari.The first season focuses on the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where the tribes achieve a decisive victory against the empire, annihilating three legions.In season 2, Ari and his allies attempt to drive . Italicus, nephew of Arminius, was appointed king of the Cherusci; Vangio and Sido became vassal princes of the powerful Suebi, etc. Learn about Arminius, a Germanic hero and his role in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arminius. Most followed Calvin's conviction that the church must have a measure of independence from the state, especially in matters of church discipline. Plus, he did it all by . The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Arminius' success in destroying three entire legions and driving the Romans out of Germany marked a high point of Germanic power for centuries. Man's contribution, however sincerely Arminius tried to limit it, became central for salvation. He even tried holding Arminius captive for a while but was forced to release him. Germanicus started off in 14 CE by massacring Marsi villages and then fending off a dangerous tribal counterattack. Does one seek to entertain and move the emotions will of men whose salvation is ultimately in their own hands? Goethe-Universitt Frankfurt (Public Domain). Updates? With the end of the Roman threat, a war broke out between Arminius and Marbod, king of the Marcomanni. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. At least the legions were able to find suitable ground for their marching camp. Arminius did not deny the doctrine of predestination, like some today might think, but held it in high regard, so far as one did not take it further than demanded by Scripture. Arminius is best known theologically for his rejection of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. [29][30] In May 15 AD the Roman general Germanicus captured Thusnelda. Perhaps Gomarus failed to ask the right questions, or Arminius was notcandid with his answers. Rather it needs to recover a forceful and faithful commitment to the God-centered biblical message. One of them, led by the Roman emperor Maximinus Thrax, resulted in a Roman victory in 235 at the Battle at the Harzhorn Hill,[40] located in the modern German state of Lower Saxony, east of the Weser river, between the towns of Kalefeld and Bad Gandersheim. The Belgic Confession had stated that discipline was one of the marks of the true church and Calvinists strongly believed that the church ought to have the right especially to regulate the teaching of its ministers. Arminius (/rmnis/ 18/17 BC 21 AD) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, in which three Roman legions under the command of general Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed. Taken as a hostage in his youth, he lived in Rome, where he learned to speak Latin and trained as a Roman military commander alongside his younger brother Flavus. The brothers entered services with the Roman Empire serving as auxiliaries during the Pannonian uprising. 03 Mar 2023. Indeed Arminianism today usually goes much further in emphasizing free will than Arminius did or would ever have approved of doing. Nobody thought to be part of the "German nation ", Germans thought just in their tribe . This defeat severely checked the emperor Augustuss plans, the exact nature of which is uncertain, for the country between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. Arminius took on a professorship at the university of Leiden where he had schooled previously and would remain there from 1603 until October 19th 1609 when he died (EB, 2020). There is no way to "transcend" this reality. When I was asked to write on why Arminians (like me) should celebrate the Reformation, the answer that jumped to mind was "Because Arminius himself did.". Jacobus Arminius, Dutch Jacob Harmensen or Jacob Hermansz, (born October 10, 1560, Oudewater, Netherlandsdied October 19, 1609, Leiden), theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as . It was Arminius's followers after his death who . Calvinists should still confidently teach the sovereign grace of God as it was summarized in the Canons of Dort. The defensive victory allowed Caecina to safely reach the Rhine. On closeexamination such a claim proves to be false. Her son was sent off to be a gladiator and died at a young age. His mother was slain during the Spanish massacre of . In 16 CE Germanicus decided to alleviate his supply problems by embarking his entire army on a gigantic fleet of 1,000 ships. Inguiomerus led the attack but was unable to prevent another Roman victory. They must remember that in the providence of God Calvinism has gone through varying periods. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nevertheless, the Roman hero Germanicus continued to lead campaigns of retribution. As he saw it, Rome took Germania's youths to fight in Rome's armies and the people were fleeced of what little wealth they possessed. Jacobus Arminius, Dutch Jacob Harmensen or Jacob Hermansz, (born October 10, 1560, Oudewater, Netherlandsdied October 19, 1609, Leiden), theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as Arminianism. Before them, the ground sloped down towards the Idistaviso plain, skirted by a bend in the Weser River. 3. While that may be frustrating for those of us who know that the label derives from the name of the seventeenth-century Dutch theologian Jacob (or James) Arminius (d. 1609), it is hardly the most frustrating aspect of the confusion and controversy that continues to surround Arminianism and Arminian theology centuries after its founder died. [46] Hermann der Cheruskerfrst became an emblem of the revival of German nationalism fueled by the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century, such as in Caspar David Friedrich's 1812 painting The Tombs of the Old Heroes. After serving with distinction in the Great Illyrian Revolt, he was sent to Germania to aid the local governor Publius Quinctilius Varus in completing the Roman conquest of the Germanic tribes. Jacobus Arminius was actually regarded as a rather quiet and introspective individual, yet he found himself constantly pulled into controversies with the reformed camp . After all, some argue, Arminius lived 400 years ago. International Student Admissions Application Process. Those kinds of concerns will affect the ways in which Christian worship and witness and serve and live. Answer (1 of 5): Because there wasn't a national sentiment . Born a prince of the Cherusci tribe, Arminius was part of the Roman friendly faction of the tribe. Enslaved Romans were not considered to be citizens, so in the Spartacan battles, when the Roman citizens lost, the Spartacan victors are bolded. Gomarus was a strict Calvinist of undoubted orthodoxy. [20], In the autumn of 9 AD, the 25-year-old Arminius brought to Varus a false report of rebellion in northern Germany. Another possibility is that Arminius's theology changed significantly after the interview, but it is difficult to speculate. Revolts broke out against royal authority. In the late 1540s Calvinism emerged as an attractive, popular religion in the Netherlands, especially in the southern provinces. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Arminius declared that men have a free will. Thusnelda is an interesting figure as she wasn't powerful in any traditional sense of the word. Most of the years of Arminius's pastorate (1587-1603) in Amsterdam were peaceful. In 1559 His Most Catholic Majesty Philip II was the king of Spain and Sovereign of the Netherlands. World History Encyclopedia. They say something like, "I want to be 75% Calvinist and 25% Arminian." He stated, "That teacher obtains my highest approbation who ascribes as much aspossible to divine grace, provided he so pleads the cause of grace, as not to inflict an injury on the justice of God, and not to take away the free will of that which is evil." During the year 9 AD three Roman legions under the leadership of Publius Quinctilius Varus marched to northern Germany. The Calvinists answered with a Contra-Remonstrance in 1611. Before the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, he promised the gods that he would sacrifice his firstborn if they granted his people victory. Out from beneath the great forest strode forth the tribal warriors. He returned to northern Germania in 7 or 8 AD, where the Roman Empire had established secure control of the territories just east of the Rhine, along the Lippe and Main rivers, and was now seeking to extend its hegemony eastward to the Weser and Elbe rivers, under Publius Quinctilius Varus, a high-ranking administrative official appointed by Augustus as governor. Tensions within the church finally led to a government investigation in 1608. As a result, the Langobardi and Semnones went over from Maroboduus to Arminius. The name instead appears to ultimately be of Etruscan origin, appearing as armne and armni on inscriptions found at Volaterrae. Mnkler Herfried, and Hans Grnberger: "Arminius/ Hermann als nationales Symbol im Diskurs der deutschen Humanisten 15001570", In: Herfried Mnkler, Hans Grnberger, and Kathrin Mayer, This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 04:28. The 8 bloodiest Roman emperors in history; A series of campaigns, first under Drusus and then his brother, the future Emperor Tiberius, saw the defeat of the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine and the extension of Roman influence across much of Germania Magna, as the Romans called the region. God does not call his people to be successful; He calls them to be faithful. [10] There was, however, a somewhat different perception in East Germany. But Arminius ultimately failed to have a true theology of grace. During the summer of 9 CE, Varus marched his army of three legions and supporting auxiliaries from Vetera (Xanten) on the Rhine into central Germania. An enraged Flavus had to be physically restrained from plunging his steed into the water to fight his brother. On the death of Aemilius in 1575, Rudolf Snellius (Snel van Roijen; 15461613), a professor at Marburg and a native of Oudewater, became the patron for his further education at the universities of Leiden (157682), Basel, and Geneva (158286). However, the way ahead seemed far shorter than backtracking to the Lippe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rome refused, telling the chief that Rome took vengeance in battle and not by "treason or in the dark" (Tacitus, Annals, II. But in the Netherlands, the government had at times protected ministers who were targets of church discipline. (Tacitus, Annals, II. Behind them, along the 12-20 mile (18-30 km) passage of the Roman column, lay thousands of their dead. We are either a slave to sin, or a slave to righteousness. His victory at Teutoburg Forest would precipitate the Roman Empire's permanent . He persuaded Varus to divert the three legions under his command (composed of the 17th, 18th, and 19th legions, plus three cavalry detachments and six cohorts of auxiliaries), which were at the time marching to winter quarters, to suppress the rebellion. In 1559 Guido de Bres wrote the first edition of the Belgic Confession, which clearly summarized the Calvinistic faith and set it off from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism. In his exposition of predestination Arminius sought to have a theology of grace and to avoid all Pelagianism. In this definition Arminius states his belief that faith is the cause of election: "It is an eternal and gracious decree of God in Christ, by which He determines to justify and adopt believers, and to endow them with eternal life, but to condemn unbelievers, and impenitentpersons." 1st century chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe, This article is about the Germanic chieftain. The battle of Teutoburg Forest. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Some argue that the differences between Calvinism and Arminianism are unimportant because the theological terms of the controversy were wrong or are now outmoded. The battle of the Teutoburg Forest", special issue of Ancient Warfare (2009) Adrian Murdoch, Rome's Greatest Defeat. Third, God decreed "to administer in a sufficient and efficacious manner the means which were necessary for repentance and faith" according to divine wisdom and justice. [citation needed], After the battle, the Germans quickly annihilated every trace of Roman presence east of the Rhine. Reformed Christians from Great Britain, France. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Arminianism was discredited and condemned by the synod, the Arminians present were expelled, and many others suffered persecution. But the government was reluctant to allow a nationalsynod to meet. Flavus was the older brother of the Cherusci warloes Arminius.Flavus is the Latin for "blond," his real name is unknown. Arminius' face was smeared in blood as his horse broke through and carried him to safety. [25] His brother Flavus, who had been raised alongside him in Rome, remained loyal to the Roman Empire and fought under Germanicus against Arminius at the Battle of Idistaviso.